Saudi Arabias Geopolitical and Socialeconomical Culture

Introduction Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab country in the Middle East lying in between Europe, Asia and Africa. Its size is approximated at 2,149,690 square kilometers (865,000) square miles, which is about one third the size of the United States. The country is located between the Persian Gulf and the Red sea, bordering Jordan on the north and Iraq on the northern east, Kuwait, Qatar and United Arab Emirates on the east and Yemen on the south and the Sultanate of Oman on the and southeast.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Saudi Arabias’ Geopolitical and Socialeconomical Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early history Historically, Saudi Arabia is not considered as the cradle home of the Arabs but the first Arabs are thought to have originally come from the Arabian Peninsula. As far back as 15,000 to 20,000 years ago there is evidence of the existence of human presence in the Arabian Peni nsula citing the existence of roaming hunters and gatherers who lived off wild animals and plants. At the time of the last ice age about 15,000 years back, the Europe ice caps thawed, resulting to great climatic variation in the peninsula. The once immense plains covered with grassland suddenly turned scrublands and arid regions. The river streams evaporated creating dried river beds (commonly known as wadis), which are a common features in peninsula presently. This harsh climate forced the existing human beings to develop other means of survival as they no longer had animals to hunt because they had vanished. These people then moved to the mountain valleys and oasis and that’s where agriculture is said to have developed and begun in Mesopotamia before it spread to the Nile River Valley and across the Middle East. The development of agriculture brought about growth of other sectors farmers who started raring animals that included goats, camels, cattle, sheep and horses. These advances led to permanent settlements, which led to the beginning of the modern civilization. Arabian Peninsula became the homeland of Islam, which is the second most practiced faith worldly. Islam was pioneered by Prophet Muhammad. Around the year, 610, this Muhammad is said to have received messages from God (Allah) through the angle Gabriel to proclaim oneness of God globally and as these revelations continued, so did his followers increase. In the year 622, Prophet Muhammad learnt of the plan of his assassination than he decided to lead his followers to Yathrib which was later changed to Madint Al-Nabi (City of the Prophet) and now simply it’s referred as Madinah, and this emigration (Hijrah) marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar, the year of the hegira. It marks the time Muhammad fled from Mecca. Muslims use a lunar calendar, meaning their twelve-month year is much shorter than the solar one which the Christians use.Advertising Looking for research paper on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the subsequent years, numerous clashes took place between the â€Å"followers of the Prophet Muhammad and the pagans of Makkah†. By 628, the Prophet was able to unify the ethnic groups that he and his followers made an entrance into Makkah without shedding blood, which by this time Madinah was entirely in the hands of the Muslims. However, there was an attempt by the aggressors to take over the peninsula, but finally the peninsula was alienated into various counties. In 1745, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhabi was urging for the cleansing and reforms in the Islam religion. Concurrently, the Wahhabi faction had dominated the Arabia. By 1811, Wahhabi elders were waging a jihad against the reforms in the Islamic faith in the peninsula, which they succeeded in uniting much of it. By 1818, the Wahhabi people had been subjugated again by the Ottoman Empire and their Egyptians coll aborators. Saudi Arabia kingdom is an almost entire creation of King Ibn Saud (1882-1953) who is a descendant of the Wahhabis leaders and is said to have seized Riyadh in 1901. He then made himself a leader of the Arab nationalist movement whereby he established Wahhabi dominance in Nejd by 1906 and he later conquered Hejaz in 1924-1925. These two kingdoms (Hejaz and Nejd) were merged to form the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. (Mohammed Hasan 2009) On September 23, 1932, the united warring tribes that were united into one nation were named the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, an Islamic state with Arabic as its national language whiles the Holy Qur’an as its constitution. This is what is called the modern kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the transformation of this country over the years has been enormous with only few decades having been counted; this kingdom has turned itself from a desert nation to a modern sophisticated state and a major player in the international world especially sin ce the discovery of oil I commercial quantities in 1938, that has seen the economy of Saudi Arabia develop rising its prominence in the world affairs. Economy Saudi Arabia owes much of its wealth to the enormous petroleum resources that exists in the country. Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia by United States geologists in the 1930s but its large production did not start until after the World War II. Since the 1950s and 1960s, there has been full activity of petroleum exploration with a spectacular acceleration in the 1970s. Oil wealth has made it possible for this country to rapidly develop its economy. Saudi Arabia is the world’s leading oil producer and exporter, with the largest oil reserves are the in the world, estimated at 263 billion barrels, which is approximately a quarter of the world’s oil reserves. It is also a prominent member of the OPEC. In Saudi Arabia, oil counts for almost 90% of the country exports and this translates to about 75% of the government ’s revenues.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Saudi Arabias’ Geopolitical and Socialeconomical Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These revenues have changed the country’s economic status from debt-trap to a wealthy nation. The country’s petroleum sector accounts for 45 percent of its gross domestic profit (GDP) where the economy depends on approximately six million employees abroad mostly working in the oil sector and services sector. The daily production of oil is about 1.3 million tonnes per day. The country is also involved in the production of natural gas that is about 100 million m3 each day. The amount of oil that is produced on behalf of the government is approximately slightly higher than 95 percent and this is done by the Saudi ARAMCO, a government parastatal, which acquired SAMAREC, a parastatal specializing in marketing and refining oil, to become the leading wholly integrated oil firm. Following the Arab-Israeli war in the 1970s, there was a sharp increase in petroleum revenues which resulted to the economy of Saudi growing fast as it enjoyed a surplus market while trading with other countries, exports of oil products increased and the government had enough revenues for the development, defense and aid to other Arabic and Islamic countries (NadeyaSayed 2003). The kind of economic model being used in Saudi Arabia is one which puts a limitation upon private enterprises because of state control and the central planning. There are very strong government controls on most economic activities as there are certain fields of the economy that belong to the state exclusively and these fields do not allow foreign investors to invest nor own them. Foreigners are allowed in other fields such as power generation, telecommunication services and insurance among other lucrative sectors that attract overseas investors, they have to create joint-ventures with the Saudi people or the Saudi state itself. At the time of the oil value boom of 2004-2008, Saudi created a sufficient financial reserve to counterbalance any global economic slump. Nevertheless, the dropping oil prices in 2009 adversely affected the Saudi economy causing the rescheduling of several governmental economic and developmental plans. The state took counteractive actions, like direct capital allocations into financial bodies, and slashed interest rates. Oil and natural gas are the traditional major contributors of the growth of Saudi’s economy, the other contributors of the economy are agriculture and fishing but clearly they are not on the same level as oil and natural gas. This sector provides an employment to the public to an estimated 10% of the population this is due to the fact that most of the land in Saudi Arabia is infertile, only 1% of the total surface is fertile.Advertising Looking for research paper on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although this is the case, there are several plans, which have been initiated to see the agricultural sector improve its productivity, which is currently very low quoting â€Å"approximately 3.6 million tonnes output of wheat, barley 1.1 million tonnes, tomatoes 490,000 tonnes, dates account for 500,00 tonnes, watermelons 450,000 tonnes including other smaller outputs of sorghum, dairy products, onions, grapes, and citrus fruits. The output also got from fish is likewise low, about 50,000 tonnes been produced per year and shrimps which make the biggest share of the catch† (Scawen Riad 2002). Saudi Arabia imports most of their food products from across the world, a trend that has been there from the early 1970s. Besides these elements, another contributor of the Saudi economy is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca and Madina which is usually a demonstration of the unity of the Muslims and their acquiescence to God. Mecca is a holy city where every Muslim is required to visit at le ast once in their lifetime if the individual has the capability means to do so. Millions of people from all across the world make their journey to this holy place. Every year the number of people who come to Saudi Arabia for this pilgrimage known as Haj stands somewhere between two to three million generating more than US$ 2 billion to the Saudi economy. This is the only substantial tourism attraction to Saudi Arabia and as figures show it is great contributor to Saudi’s economy. The national economy of Saudi Arabia was budgeted to have revenues doubling the expenditure by 2008 the surplus was at a staggering $147 billion but was mostly used to pay various foreign debts. Society The Saudi Arabia society is dominated by Islamic values and it’s a country that is considered to have a very rich culture. The practices and convictions of the Saudis were mainly adopted from Wahhabism faction of Muslim followers. The most evident basis of distinction of the Saudi society is ba sed on the native and migrant population, although these people appreciate people from other countries, the immigration still affects their socialization trends and other marital matters. Ethnic relations Al-Rasheed Robert (2004) notes â€Å"Saudis live as a community (also known as ummah) where issues like race and ethnicity are of no significant value hence these issues are not used to form any socialization, political affiliations or even economic organizations.† Nevertheless, in Saudi Arabia the consideration of ones origin is important as it sometimes influences social interaction among the people and also influences on marriage issues for example, some people mainly in Hijaz are considered as descendants of Muhammad and are known as Ashraf while many others in the kingdom are said to be descent from eponymous ancestors from the ancient Arab tribes. Although this is the case, this influence does not affect the economic and power differences in the national society. Clas ses and castes The social classes are mainly divided between the foreign workers and locals. Temporary immigrants form the largest portion of working class and are also dominate the middle class status and some ranks in the upper-class status. Variation in terms of income and wealth is majorly categorized among the super-rich, the rich middle income earners and the limited income earners. Many Saudi Arabians still practice egalitarianism and believe more on impartiality and brotherhood, unlike class differentiation. But it is important to note that different people have different lifestyles depending on the amount of wealth one has; the wealthy ones interact less with the middle class people (Al-Rasheed Robert 2004). Marriage and family Anderson (2001) notes â€Å"among the Muslims, marriage is considered a necessary part of life, and all adults are required to marry. Marriage is usually perceived as a very costly affair while divorce on the other hand is relatively easy for men a nd very difficult for women.† As for birthright rights, males inherited twice over that of the females from their father while a widow inherits a small portion, but the sons have an obligation to support their mothers especially the widowed. Islamic values are very much upheld among the Saudi Arabians that is why religion and the society combine to form a kind of social control. Behaviors that bring shame to ones family is considered sinful while crimes related to alcohol and drugs and other sexual misconducts are considered to be as a result of modernization. Social relations are noticeable by vibrant gender separation and the reverence of age variation. Al-rasheed (2002) notes â€Å"Interactions that take place between men and women is minimal especially outside the domestic space of families the rules of do’s and don’ts aim at regulating interactions beyond the comforts of ones home thus interactions taking place in a commercial setting with females should be strictly formal.† Most social interactions take place in groups that are specific in terms of age and gender. When a guest arrives, it is mandatory for that person to individually greet the host and the rest of the guests by shaking hands or kissing on the chick more than three times if the person is well known to you and are age mates, also expected are long exchange of greetings between host and guest and between guests and other people present. Socially, mothers would give birth with the help of midwives and after their birth, they were to be cared for by their mothers hence this meant caring for them fulltime. Other female relatives in the household were to help in raring of the children and teach them the Arabian culture. While fathers and uncles were not expected to take part in child care, they took part in matters such as playing with them and teaching them generosity and hospitality. Anderson (2001) notes â€Å"as modernization trickles in, all these is changing and births are taking place in hospitals and the infants are being circumcised before going home.† Government and political conditions Saudi Arabia is governed by a monarch type of government whereby there is a king whose sons inherit the thrown later on in life as stipulated by their constitution. As a result, the country lacks political parties or movements but has held municipal elections. Religion Anderson (2001) notes â€Å"Saudi Arabia occupies a special place in the Islamic world as it is the heartland of Islam. The followers of Islam, one of the world’s greatest monotheistic religions are known as Muslims.† All Saudi Arabia citizens are Muslims except for small minority of Shia, even the immigrants themselves are mostly Muslims and the non-Muslims are not allowed to practice their faith in Saudi Arabia. They believe in one God (Allah) and that their prophet is Muhammad. A Muslim has five obligations which are referred to as Five Pillars of Islam where one ha s to profess his faith that there is no other god but God and that his prophet is Muhammad, secondly one has to pray five times a day and as they make their prayers, they face toward Makkah the holy city, thirdly one has to give a fixed amount of payment (zakat)  for the welfare of the entire community particularly the needy members of the society fourthly is the fasting during Ramadan which is the ninth month of the Muslim calendar that expects a Muslim to refrain from eating food and drinking from sundown to sunset and lastly is performing the hajj that involves the gathering of millions of Muslims around the world to Makkah which should be done at least once in a lifetime. Al-Rasheed Robert (2004) notes â€Å"these people include judges, preachers, teachers’ leaders other people who have learned Islam.† They also believe that the dead could either go to heaven or hell depending on how one has lived his/her life. â€Å"The major religious destinations of Saudi Ar abia include The Kaba and Black Stone in Mecca, Quba Mosque in Medina, Mount Arafat, Al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Floating Mosque of Jeddah, The Prophet’s Mosque in Medina and Nabatean Tombs of MadainSahreha.† (Federal Research Division 2004). Weather and climate â€Å"Saudi Arabia has a harsh dry desert kind of climate that is characterized by extreme temperatures during the day and an abrupt drop in temperatures at night with slight erratic rainfall which is influenced by subtropical high pressure systems† (Dean 2006).These two intense climates are mostly experienced from the coast towards the countryside. These conditions make the days to be hot and humid while fog is experienced at night which is due to winds from the south are accompanied by an increase in temperature and humidity level that causes a storm in the gulf areas. The rest of the country experiences law rainfalls whereby the country receives two seasons of sporadic rainfall. References Al-rasheed, M. (2002). a History of Saudi Arabia. New York: Cambridge University press. Al-Rasheed, M. Robert, V. (2004) Counter-narratives: history, contemporary society, and politics in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Anderson, H. (2001). Saudi Arabia Ticket. New York: Carolrhoda Books, Dean, D. (2006). The Wahhabi mission and Saudi ArabiaVolume 50 of Library of Modern Middle East Studies. Tabriz: I.B.Tauris. Federal Research Division. (2004). Saudi Arabia A Country Study. New York: Kessinger Publishing. Mohammed, A. Hasan, M. (2009). Religion and politics in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism and the state. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, NadeyaSayed, A. (2003). Population and development of the Arab Gulf states: the case of Bahrain, Oman and Kuwait. New York: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Scawen, B. Riad, N. (2002). The future of Islam. New Jersey, NY: Routledge. This research paper on Saudi Arabias’ Geopolitical and Socialeconomical Culture was written and submitted by user Kingston I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

White-Tailed Deer Facts (Odocoileus virginianus)

White-Tailed Deer Facts (Odocoileus virginianus) The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) gets its name for the white fur on the underside of its tail, which it flashes when it senses a threat. The species includes several subspecies, such as the tiny Florida Key deer and the large northern white-tailed deer. Fast Facts: White-Tailed Deer Scientific Name: Odocoileus virginianusCommon Names: White-tailed deer, whitetail, Virginia deerBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 6-8 feetWeight: 88-300 poundsLifespan: 6-14 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: North, Central, and northern South AmericaPopulation: 10 millionConservation Status: Least Concern Description The white-tailed deer has a reddish-brown coat in the spring and summer and a gray-brown coat in autumn and winter. The species is easily recognized by the white underside of its tail. Deer have horizontally-slit pupils with dichromatic blue and yellow vision. They cannot readily distinguish between orange and red colors. Deer size depends on sex and habitat. On average, mature specimens range from 6 to 8 feet in length, with a shoulder height around 2 to 4 feet. Deer in colder climates are larger than those found closer to the equator. Mature males, called bucks, weigh 150 to 300 pounds, on average. Mature females, called hinds or does, range from 88 to 200 pounds. Bucks regrow antlers each year in spring and shed them after the breeding season in winter. Antler size and branching is determined by age, nutrition, and genetics. Habitat and Distribution White-tailed deer range from the Yukon in Canada through the United States (except Hawaii and Alaska) and Central America south to Brazil and Bolivia. In the United States, the black-tailed or mule deer displaces the white-tailed deer west of the Rocky Mountains. Climate change has allowed the white-tailed deer to expand its presence in Canada in recent years. White-tailed deer have been introduced into Europe and the Caribbean and are farmed in New Zealand. Deer have adapted to a variety of habitats, including urban environments. Diet Although sometimes seen during the day, deer primarily browse before dawn and after dusk. White-tailed deer eat plants, including grasses, legumes, leaves, shoots, cacti, corn, fruit, and acorns. They can eat mushrooms and poison ivy with no ill effects. Deer are ruminants, with a four-chambered stomach. The animal needs time to develop gut microbes to digest new food as its diet changes, so feeding deer a food that is not found in the wild may harm it. While white-tailed deer are primarily herbivores, they are also opportunistic predators that will take mice and birds. White-tailed deer flagging its tail. Jà ©rà ©mie LeBlond-Fontaine, Getty Images Behavior When threatened, a white-tailed deer stomps, snorts, and raises its tail or flags to show the white underside. This signals predator detection and alerts other deer. In addition to sound and body language, deer communicate by marking their territory with urine and scents produced by glands found on their head and legs. A typical deer range is less than a square mile. Females form family groups with a mother and her fawns. Males group with other males, but are solitary during mating season. Reproduction and Offspring The white-tailed deer breeding season, called the rut, occurs in autumn in October or November. Males spar with their antlers to compete for females. Females give birth to one to three spotted fawns in spring. The mother hides her fawns in vegetation, returning to nurse them four or five times a day. Young are weaned around 8 to 10 weeks of age. Bucks leave their mothers and mature at about 1.5 years of age. Does may become sexually mature at 6 months of age, but typically do not leave their mother or breed until their second year. The life expectancy of a white-tailed deer ranges from 6 to 14 years. White-tailed doe and her fawn. Daniel J. Cox, Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the conservation status of the white-tailed deer as least concern. The overall population is stable, although some subspecies are threatened. The Florida Key deer and Colombian white-tailed deer are both listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Deer are preyed upon by wolves, pumas, American alligators, bears, coyotes, lynx, bobcats, wolverines, and feral dogs. Eagles and crows may take fawns. However, the greatest threats come from habitat loss, overhunting, and motor vehicle collision. White-Tailed Deer and Humans Deer cause economic damage to farmers and pose a threat to motorists. They are hunted for game and sport and farmed for meat, pelts, and antlers. In some places, it is legal to keep white-tailed deer as pets. While captive deer are intelligent and affectionate, bucks may become aggressive and can cause serious injury. Sources Bildstein, Keith L. Why White-Tailed Deer Flag Their Tails. The American Naturalist. 121 (5): 709–715, May, 1983. doi:10.1086/284096Fulbright, Timothy Edward and J. Alfonso Ortega-S. White-tailed deer habitat: ecology and management on rangelands. Texas AM University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58544-499-1.Gallina, S. and Arevalo, H. Lopez. Odocoileus virginianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T42394A22162580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42394A22162580.enPost, Eric and Nils Stenseth. Large-Scale Climatic Fluctuation and Population Dynamics of Moose and White-Tailed Deer. Journal of Animal Ecology. 67 (4): 537–543, July, 1998. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00216.x

Adam Reres

Adam Reres Essay Ms. CooperU.S. History II19 march 2004Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island is a nuclear power plant located in Harrisburg, PA. Ithad two pressurized water reactors. One in which began its service in 1974and is the best performing reactor in the US. However its other reactor isalmost brand new and suffered a server nuke clear meltdown. March 28th 1979at approximately 4:00 a.m. a minor malfunction created a rise intemperature to the primary coolant. The reactor shut down as a safety result. In no time a pilot-operatedrelief valve (PORV) on the reactors cooling system opened but did notclose. This caused reactor coolant water to leak out and soon drained thetank of its coolant (Wikipeia). As a effect of the lost coolant, highpressure pumps pushed replacement water into the reactor system. Water andsteam then escaped through its relief valve as cooling water surged to thereactor. In this type of situation, the operators were trained to reduce theflow of the replacement water. Their training told them that thepressurizer water level was the only dependable indication of the amount ofcooling water in the system. Because the pressuriser level was increasing,they thought the reactor system was too full of water They were told to doall they could to keep the pressuriser from filling with water. If itfilled, they could not control pressure in the cooling system and it mightrupture. Operators responded by reducing the flow of replacement water. Steam thenformed in the reactor cooling system. Pumping a mixture of steam and watercaused the reactor cooling pumps to vibrate. If the severe vibrations couldhave damaged the pumps they would made them unusable, so the operators shutdown the pumps. This ended the forced cooling of the reactor. However, as reactor coolant water boiled away, the reactors fuel core wasuncovered and became even hotter. The fuel rods were damaged and releasedradioactive material into the cooling water. At 6:22 am operators closed ablock valve between the relief valve and the pressuriser. This actionstopped the loss of coolant water through the relief valve. However,superheated steam and gases blocked the flow of water through the corecooling system (Wikipeia). By late afternoon, operators began high-pressureinjection of water into the reactor cooling system to increase pressure andto collapse steam bubbles. By 7:50 pm, they restored forced cooling of thereactor when they were able to restart one reactor coolant pump. They hadcondensed steam so that the pump could run without severe vibrations. FromMarch 29 and 30, operators used a system of pipes and compressors to movethe gas to waste gas decay tanks(Wikipeia). The compressors leaked, andsome radioactive gas was released to the environmentAfte r an anxious month, on 27 April operators established naturalconvection circulation of coolant. The reactor core was being cooled by thenatural movement of water rather than by mechanical pumping. The plant wasin cold shutdown. The cleanup of the damaged nuclear reactor system at TMI-2 took nearly12 years and cost approximately $973 million. The Plant surfaces had to bedecontaminated. Any water used and stored during the cleanup had to beprocessed. And about 100 tones of damaged uranium fuel had to be removedfrom the reactor vessel all without hazard to cleanup workers or thepublic. (Wikipeia)OpinionI see Three Mile Island as history repeating itself; It reminded me alot of the Titanic. The crew on titanic and in the operators room weretold that an accident was nearly impossible so that when something happenedthey didnt know how to react properly or knew entirely what was going on. READ: The last of the mohicans Persuasive EssayHowever, they responded with there instincts which only made the problemworse. Unlike the Titanic though, no one died in Three Mile Island. The Three Mile Island incident was in a way a good lesion to the US inworking with nuclear generated power. We saw that it is a force of naturethat is very powerful. Its dangers are very real, anything could happen,and if something did happen when using the nuclear power many could die. Wesaw that we should not assume anything in a time of delicate decisionshttp://en.wikipeia.com/wiki/Three_Mile_Island, Wikipeia, Joan , lastmodified 02:19, 15 Mar 2004The plants main feedwater pumps in the secondary non-nuclear coolingsystem failed at about 4:00 a.m. on March 28, 1979. This failure was due toeither a mechanical or electrical failure and prevented the steamgenerators from removing heat. First the turbine, then the reactorautomatically shut down. Immediately, the pressure in the primary system(the nuclear portion of the plant) began to increase. In order to preventthat pressure from becoming excessive, the pressurizer relief valve (avalve located at the top of the pressurizer) opened. T he valve should haveclosed when the pressure decreased by a certain amount, but it did not. Signals available to the operator failed to show that the valve was stillopen. As a result, the stuck-open valve caused the pressure to continue todecrease in the system. Meanwhile, another problem appeared elsewhere in the plant. The emergencyfeedwater system (backup to main feedwater) was tested 42 hours prior tothe accident. As part of the test, a valve is closed and then reopened atthe end of the test. But this time, through either an administrative orhuman error, the valve was not reopened preventing the emergencyfeedwater system from functioning. The valve was discovered closed abouteight minutes into the accident. Once it was reopened, the emergencyfeedwater system began to work correctly, allowing cooling water to flowinto the steam generators. As the system pressure in the primary system continued to decrease, voids(areas where no water is present) began to form in portions of the systemother than the pressurizer. Because of these voids, the water in the systemwas redistributed and the pressurizer became full of water. The levelindicator, which tells the operator the amount of coolant capable of heatremoval, incorrectly indicated the system was full of water. Thus, theoperator stopped adding water. He was unaware that, because of the stuckvalve, the indicator could, and in this instance did, provide falsereadings. After almost eighty minutes of slow temperature rise the primary loop pumpsbegin to shudder as steam rather than water began to pass through them. Thepumps were shut down, and it was believed that natural circulation wouldcontinue the water movement. Steam in the system locked the primary loop,and as the water stopped circulating it was converted to steam inincreasing amounts. After around 130 minutes since the first malfunction,the top of the reactor core was exposed and the heat and steam drove areaction involving hydrogen and other radioactive gases with the zirconiumrod cladding. The quench tank ruptured, and radioactive coolant began toleak out into the general containment building. At 6 a.m. there was a shiftchange in the control room. A new arrival noticed that the temperature inthe holding tanks was excessive and used a backup valve to shut off thecoolant venting. Around 250,000 gallons (950 m) of coolant had alreadybeen lost from the primary loop. It was not until 165 minute s after thestart of the problem that radiation alarms activated as contaminated waterreached detectors, by which time the radiation levels in the primarycoolant water were around 300 times expected levels.

Review a movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Review a movie - Essay Example Film Unforgiven (1992); shows the era when old Wild West was changing into modern west. Opening of the movie clearly shows the main theme behind the movie. Era of Wild West falling and rising of a new era; that is rising of modern west. This film hides brutal realities of Wild West that were present through all the area of Wild West. Robbery, violence and bounty hunting were normal attributes of the Wild West. Also sheriff which goes cruel or brutal in the movie shows non judicial murders done by sheriff department to keep law and order of the village or society they are responsible for. There is a great amount of violence present in the movie. Also hero of movie is person which is acting as a villain throughout the movie. Concepts of dignity, self respect, life and death are narrated continuously in the movie again and again by narrators (Milan). L.A confidential was a movie released in 1997. This movie devises ways to analyze movies. L.A confidential is based on the concept that movies itself are the major cause of the spreading violence and other crimes including sexual assault most of the females face in city of Los Angles. Generally concepts like freedom of doing everything any time is one of the major causes addressed my L.A confidential as their main subject. Justice system is the next subjected targeted by the makers. Movie introduces three cops with three different personalities and characters. Youngest one is the newly breed of the department and is loyal to law and its applications. Other one is a criminal having a police badge doing crimes under the supervision of his captain. According to the makers behind L.A confidential the concept of liberty that is greatly propagated by movies is totally wrong and opposite to idea itself. There should be controlled liberty for proper balance and progress of a society regardi ng justice system. If this balance disturbed there will be no

Does gender bias and glass ceiling limitations still exist in Fire and Research Paper

Does gender bias and glass ceiling limitations still exist in Fire and Police departments - Research Paper Example In the political realm, the term ‘glass ceiling’ was coined to describe the invisible barriers that prevented women from achieving their goals in the workplace and from attaining senior positions. In the United States fire and police departments, the glass was evident in the past, a factor that associated the departments with men only (Kornblut, 2011). However, the 21st century had brought about multiple changes that have promoted equality in the workplace, allowing women to rise to top leadership positions and venture into careers reserved for men previously. This research paper will investigate whether women still face barriers associated with gender in the fire and police departments. Introduction In order to determine whether women in the police and fire and police departments have broken the glass ceiling, this research will focus on analyzing the existing primary and secondary sources that describe the level of gender bias in the two departments. The extensive lite rature review will adopt a case study format regarding the fire department. The special focus on the Florida and Kenosha fire departments will provide a reflection of the effect of the glass ceiling and its extent in the recent past. The case studies will analyze the findings of primary researches on the issue. Concerning the police department, an extensive literature review will help in analyzing whether gender bias is still in existence. All the sources for use in this research will be subject to a critical appraisal to determine their reliability. The appraisal of the sources will consider the methodologies used, the target populations, and the analysis of the findings. Only the most appropriate sources will be used in this research. The search terms will include the ‘glass ceiling ’,‘ gender biases, police, and fire departments’ Only recent articles will be considered as reliable sources for this research seeks to analyze the extent of the problem accor ding to the most current sources. Research Does Gender Bias Exist in the Fire Department: Case studies of Florida and Kenosha Fire Departments The fire department remained a masculine profession for many years, with only white men pursuing careers in this profession. All through the 1800s, the field exhibited only male, white recruits (Bureau of National Affairs, 2002). Only in the 1920s did the department recruit black males. There is an existing complexity between gender and race, and this highlight of the time taken in the department to include men serves to reflect the resistance that existed towards recruiting women (Denis, 2003). After recruiting black males into the fire department, a half a century lapsed before the department hired the first females in the 1970-1980s. The hiring of the initial lot of black women served as a platform for women gaining entry into the male dominated field. This was considered as the first step towards breaking the existing glass ceiling that h as barred women from venturing into this career. Evidently, in the 1990s, experts thought that it was time for the complete breaking of the glass ceiling because thousands of women secured places in the fire department (Weaver, 2006). It is worth noting that the Los Angeles fire department has an outstanding history of having hired the first black in male 1892, indicating its willingness to embrace racial diversity. The effect of the glass ceil

Narrative Technique of Sula Essay Example for Free

Narrative Technique of Sula Essay Although Sula is arranged in chronological order, it does not construct a linear story with the causes of each new plot event clearly visible in the preceding chapter. Instead, Sula uses juxtaposition, the technique through which collages are put together. The effects of a collage on the viewer depend on unusual combinations of pictures, or on unusual arrangements such as overlapping. The pictures of a collage dont fit smoothly together, yet they create a unified effect. The pictures of Sulas collage are separate events or character sketches. Together, they show the friendship of Nel and Sula as part of the many complicated, overlapping relationships that make up the Bottom. Morrison presents the novel from the perspective of an omniscient narrator one who knows all the characters thoughts and feelings. An omniscient narrator usually puts the reader in the position of someone viewing a conventional portrait or landscape rather than a collage. (In such situations, the viewer can perceive the unity of the whole work with only a glance.) To create the collage-like effect of Sula, the omniscient narrator never reveals the thoughts of all the characters at one time. Instead, from chapter to chapter, she chooses a different point-of-view character, so that a different persons consciousness and experience dominate a particular incident or section. In addition, the narrator sometimes moves beyond the consciousness of single, individual characters, to reveal what groups in the community think and feel. On the rare occasions when it agrees unanimously, she presents the united communitys view. As in The Bluest Eye and Jazz, the community has such a direct impact o n individuals that it amounts to a character. In narrative technique for Sula, Morrison draws on a specifically modernist usage of juxtaposition. Modernism, discussed in Chapter 3, was the dominant literary movement during the first half of the twentieth century. Writers of this period abandoned the unifying, omniscient narrator of earlier literature to make literature more like life, in which each of us has to make our own sense of the world. Rather than passively receiving a smooth, connected story from an authoritative narrator, the reader is forced to piece together a coherent plot and meaning from more separated pieces of  information. Modernists experimented with many literary genres. For example, T. S. Eliot created his influential poem The Wasteland by juxtaposing quotations from other literary works and songs, interspersed with fragmentary narratives of original stories. Fiction uses an analogous technique of juxtaposition. Each successive chapter of William Faulkner novel As I Lay Dying, for instance, drops the reader into a different characters consciousness without the direction or help of an omniscient narrator. To figure out the plot, the reader must work through the perceptions of characters who range from a seven-year-old boy to a madman. The abrupt, disturbing shifts from one consciousness to another are an intended part of the readers experience. As with all literary techniques, juxtaposition is used to communicate particular themes. In Cane, a work that defies our usual definitions of literary genres, Jean Toomer juxtaposed poetry and brief prose sketches. In this way, Cane establishes its thematic contrast of rural black culture in the South and urban black culture of the North. Morrison, who wrote her masters thesis on two modernists, Faulkner and Virginia Woolf, uses juxtaposition as a structuring device in Sula. Though relatively short for a novel, Sula has an unusually large number of chapters, eleven. This division into small pieces creates an intended choppiness, the uncomfortable sense of frequently stopping and starting. The content of the chapters accentuates this choppy rhythm. Almost every chapter shifts the focus from the story of the preceding chapter by changing the point-of-view character or introducing sudden, shocking events and delaying discussion of the characters motives until later. In 1921, for example, Eva douses her son Plum with kerosene and burns him to death. Although the reader knows that Plum has become a heroin addict, Evas reasoning is not revealed. When Hannah, naturally assuming that Eva doesnt know of Plums danger, tells her that Plum is burning, the chapter ends with Evas almost nonchalant Is? My baby? Burning? (48). Not until midway through the next chapter, 1923, does Hannahs questioning allow the reader to understand Evas motivation. Juxtaposition thus heightens the readers sense of incompleteness. Instead of providing quick resolution, juxtaposition  introduces new and equally disturbing events. Paradoxically, when an occasional chapter does contain a single story apparently complete in itself, it too contributes to the novels overall choppy rhythm. In a novel using a simple, chronological mode of narration, each succeeding chapter would pick up where the last one left off, with the main characters now involved in a different incident, but in some clear way affected by their previous experience. In Sula, however, some characters figure prominently in one chapter and then fade entirely into the background. The first chapter centers on Shadrack, and although he appears twice more and has considerable psychic importance to Sula and symbolic importance to the novel, he is not an important actor again. In similar fashion, Helene Wright is the controlling presence of the third chapter, 1920, but barely appears in the rest of the book. These shifts are more unsettling than if Shadrack and Helene were ancestors of the other characters, generations removed, because the reader would then expect them to disappear. Their initial prominence and later shadowy presence contribute to the readers feeling of disruption. The choppy narration of Sula expresses one of its major themes, the fragmentation of both individuals and the community. Sula. New York: Knopf, 1973. Rpt. New York: Penguin, 1982

greek orthodox Essay -- essays research papers

The Greek Orthodox Church is one of the three major branches of Christianity, which "stands in today's society as one of the communities created by the apostles of Jesus in the region of the eastern Mediterranean, and which spread by missionary activity throughout Eastern Europe" .The word orthodox comes from Greek, this means right-believing. Currently, the orthodox religion has more than 174 million followers throughout the world. The Greek Orthodox church is autocephalous, which means governed by its own head bishop. The head bishops of this autocephalous church may be called patriarch, metropolitan, or archbishop. These clergymen are much like the Pope; they decide church doctrine and generally make important decisions on controversial topics. In its doctrine statements, "the Greek Orthodox church strongly affirms that it holds the original Christian faith, which was common to East and West during the first millennium of Christian history" (Meyendorff 18). More particularly, it recognizes the authority of the ecumenical councils at which East and West were represented together. These were the councils of Nicaea I (325), Constantinople (381), Ephesus(431), Chalcedon(451), Constantinople II (553), Constantinople III (680), and Nicaea II (787) (Encarta 1996). The power of teaching and guiding the community is bestowed on certain ministries, particularly that of the bishop of each diocese or is directed through certain institutions, such as councils...

Education Essay

Some students apply for admission only to their first-choice school, while others apply to several schools. Which plan do you agree with, and why? Be sure to include details and examples to support your opinion. I am of the opinion that is better to apply to several schools instead of only to your first-choice school. I think that this plan gives you more options to be accepted in one university, help you improve your applications and open you other opportunities that you could not have considered. I think that applying to just one school is very risky. Probably, you first-choice school is one of the best of the country so it receives a lot of applications each year and the selection process is extremely competitive. Therefore, you have to consider that the odds of not being accepted are high. If this is the case, you will have to wait until the next year to go to the university. I think that taking this risk is unnecessary and you avoid it by simply applying to more than one school. Secondly, doing all the paper work for different universities lets you improve your applications. As different universities ask you to write about different aspects of your personality, interests, goals, etc. you learn more about yourself. As a result, you can improve all your applications, especially the one for your first-choice school, and your chances to be admitted increase. Finally, doing the application process for other schools than your first-option school lets you know other universities. Sometimes, when you finish high school, you just consider one university. This might be the one where your parents or brother go, and the one which your favorite professor recommended you. However, there could be other good universities with different academic curricula and some of these other schools could even fit to your goals and interest better. Exploring and applying to other schools, give you the opportunity to learn more about these other schools. Therefore, I think that applying to more than one schools have many advantages. It is a less risky plan, lets you improve your application and open you to new opportunities in other schools. Moreover, the cost of this plan is low because once you have done one applications, the following ones are much easier and takes far less time.

Basketball / Football Essay

Brown Ball Basketball and Football are two entirely different sports but relate in so many ways. Americans and other countries have the pastimes of both Basketball and Football for many many years with family and friends. They are both competitive, fun team sports with many similarities and differences. But their formation and composition a very similar. Basketball and Footballs have many similarities. They are both a team sport. They both require team work by all players, but the team can still be effected by the actions of an individual. Both sports have a designated amount of players required to play at one time. Basketball has five players and Football has eleven players. Also substitutes are needed for both sports to fill in for injuries, etc. Basketball and Football both use a light weight ball during play. Although they are the same color, the shape and material for which they are made is different. In both sports the ball is used to score points. In Basketball the ball is used to shoot a basket and score 2-3 points. In Football the ball is carried to the end zone to score 6 points. You can say that basketball is a game of ups and football is a game of downs! There is also many differences in Basketball and Football. Basketball is a non-contact sport. Physical contact is considered a violation and will cause a foul on the team who made the contact. Whereas, Football is a full contact sport. Physical confrontation, tackles and rough play is expected and required in this sport. Some watch Football for the excitement of the physical aggression of the game. While Basketball is watched for the intense excitement of the scores being made. Basketball requires no protective equipment since it is considered a non-contact sport. The uniform is simply shorts, sleeveless shirt and tennis shoes. Football on the other hand requires the use of protective equipment because of the aggressiveness of the sport. Most players wear shoulder pads, hip pads, thigh pads, knee pads, tail bone pad, and a helmet for protection. Some players even wear a rib guard for added protection. Another difference between these two sports are the surfaces they are played on, as well as the elements they are exposed to. Basketball is played indoors on a shiny court approximately a quarter of the size of a football field. While Basketball is typically played indoors, it can also be played outdoors on a concrete court. This is commonly known as street ball. Basketball is enjoyed more due to the fact that its indoors and the climate is controlled. Football is played outdoors on a grass or turf field one hundred yards in length, where you are exposed to all the inclements of weather. Finally, both basketball and football are among the many favorite pastimes today. Both sports are played by both men and women and both require a certain amount on physical fitness. These two sports teach self-discipline, help players develop physically, and team work. Larry Foster English 101/Pierce College Compare & Contrast Final Draft 26 April 2014 Brown Ball Basketball and Football are two entirely different sports but relate in so many ways. Americans and other countries have the pastimes of both Basketball and Football for many many years with family and friends. They are both competitive, fun team sports with many similarities and differences. However, their formation and composition a very similar. Basketball and Footballs have many similarities. They are both a team sport. They both require teamwork by all players, but the team is still affected by the actions of an individual. Both sports have a designated amount of players required to play at one time. Basketball has five players and Football has eleven players. In addition, substitutes are needed for both sports to fill in for injuries, etc. Basketball and Football both use a lightweight ball during play. Although they are the same color, the shape and material for which they are made is different. In both sports the ball is used to score points. In Basketball, the ball is used to shoot a basket and score 2-3 points. In Football, the ball is carried to the end zone to score 6 points. You can say that basketball is a game of ups and football is a game of downs! There is also many differences in Basketball and Football. Basketball is a non-contact sport. Physical contact is considered to be a violation and will cause a foul on the team who made the contact. Whereas, Football is a full contact sport. Physical confrontation, tackles and rough play is expected and required in this sport. Some watch Football for the excitement of the physical aggression of the game. While Basketball is watched for the intense excitement of the scores being made and the closeness of the scores.  Basketball requires no protective equipment since it is considered a non-contact sport. The uniform is simply shorts, sleeveless shirt, and tennis shoes. Football on the other hand requires the use of protective equipment because of the aggressiveness of the sport. Most players wear shoulder pads, hip pads, thigh pads, kneepads, tailbone pad, and a helmet for protection. Some players even wear a rib guard for added protection. Another difference between these two sports is the surfaces they are played on, as well as the elements they are exposed to. Basketball is played indoors on a shiny court approximately a quarter of the size of a football field. While Basketball is typically played indoors, it can also be played outdoors on a concrete court. This is commonly known as street ball. Basketball is enjoyed more due to the fact that its indoors and the climate is controlled. Football is played outdoors on a grass or turf field one hundred yards in length, where you are exposed to all the inclement of weather. Finally, both basketball and football are among the many favorite pastimes today. Both men and women play both sports and both require a certain  amount on physical fitness. These two sports teach self-discipline, help players develop physically, and team work.

C.I.T.E.S essays

C.I.T.E.S essays CITES is the singles most important treaty protecting species at an international level. CITES stands for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. It was established in 1973 in association with the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). Currently, the treaty has been ratified by more than 120 countries. CITES is headquartered in Switzerland. It establishes lists (known as Appendices) of species for which the international trade has to be regulated and monitored. Those nations which are affiliated agree to restrict the trade and destructive exploitation of these species. Appendix I includes approximately 675 animals and plants for which commercial trade is prohibited. Appendix II include approximately 3700 animals and 21,000 plants whose international trade is monitored and restricted. International treaties such as CITES are implemented once the countries signed pass laws and enforce them. Once these laws have been passed within a country, police, wildlife inspectors, customs officials and other government agents can arrest and prosecute anyone who possesses or trades organisms which are listed by the treaty and seize them. Member countries are required to have their own management and scientific authorities to comply with their CITES obligations. NGOs such as the IUCN, WWF, TRAFFIC network, and WCMC provide advice and assistance to the authorities. The protection of biological diversity has to be addressed at many levels of government. Although the major control systems that exist today are based within individual countries, international trade agreements are becoming widely used to protect species and habitats. International cooperation is extremely important for many reasons. First, many species migrate across international boundaries; therefore, these species must be protected wherever they are at the time and the habitats they will occupy when they migrate. If a species is in ...

Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Management - Assignment Example Over different stages, different mottos, and statements have been issued by the company, the interesting fact is that each of them has been in alignment with the customer care, and trouble shooting. The chairman Jeffrey Rose defining the service strategy stated that the main objective of the enterprise is to â€Å"restore the journey of the passengers back on the track as quickly as possible† One of the incidents quoted in the magazines affirms their determination towards customers satisfaction, in form of a 2 A.M call received by the worker, who took out a spare part from his own car just to ensure the passenger safety and putting back the car on the road. The earlier motto and service strategy of the organization were also in alliance with the customer needs. The logo was â€Å"society for protection, encouragement and development of automobilism†. By the end of the century when the company published its manifesto and statement about the company service strategy it st ated the entire function range from in house to the off road services. The prime strategy is focused on the concept of rescue and savior in the time of need. When the car gives up on the passengers in the middle of the high way or in the middle of barren desert. Various variables have been targeted in past which indicate the company’s seriousness about its commitment towards the clients. One of those variables has been the customer satisfaction Index (C.S.I). The aim has always been to increase the C.S.I and capitalize on any opportunity available in benefiting the clients. The service strategy is based on the solid principles of customer satisfaction, amount of care taken in fulfilling their requirements. The prime is not just to make the effort, rather make the effort count and yield results that may speak for themselves in terms of the contributions made. Service strategy is amalgamated with the core competence and over period of time the company has earned its name for th e mere reason of customers’ satisfaction and needs fulfillment which in other way is a directed strategy towards goals achievements. The history of its services and customer satisfaction trace back to nearly a century down the lane. All this time, the company strategy is focused on the principle of rescue when no other resources are available. The improvement has not been over a fortnight, rather incremental. Over period of time small incremental steps were being taken that led to making it one of the pioneers in its field. While in some cases the top management change contributed towards the success, in others the policies revamping. The means of communication adopted by the incumbent company have contributed to the success in a way as well. While it is a known fact that the communication and in time contact serves as high importance and value towards the accomplishment of task. It is directly related to the customer satisfaction and job accomplishment. Communication becomes in evitable in scenarios where emergencies are confronted and in time delivery are required. R.A.C has made sure it fulfills the criterion of rapid communication. The entire organizational unit consists of over a thousand vehicles that are dedicated for the purpose and are stand by for any

Rights and freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rights and freedom - Essay Example This paper will feature analysis of the clauses of the First Amendment of the United States Constitutions, examine the significance of the Bill of Rights and discuss the process of amendment of the Constitution. There are several freedoms which are guaranteed by the Constitutions which are extremely relevant to me personally. First of all, it is the freedom of speech. I strongly agree with the scholars who point out that the existence of a clause that allows people to express themselves freely might be regarded as a reflection of a healthy as well as fully developed political environment (Anastaplo, 2007, 150). I do acknowledge that there are some reasonable limits when it comes to freedoms of speech; nevertheless, I am thankful that no citizen is able to prevent me from speaking my mind out within the permitted framework. If even I write this paper, I know that I can put all my thoughts as they exist in my mind and insist on the validity of my claims even though they might contradict with the point of view of my classmates or my professor. The next freedom which directly applies to me is freedom of peaceful assembly. Thus, I have adopted a proactive civil position and consider it important to express my mind about the social issues which, in my opinion, should be resolved so that the society where I live might prosper. I think that a fair share of the assemblies which I attended could not have happened if it had not been for this particular clause of the First Amendment. When it comes to analyzing the significance of the first ten amendments which are usually referred to as the United States Bill of Rights, one can not exaggerate its significance. Indeed, the above mentioned amendments establish legal framework which guides behavior of the individuals in virtually every field of social life and does it in the most positive as well as effective manner. For example, other than the already